|
INVESTIGATIONS
|
Stone |
RI min |
RI max |
Biref min |
Biref max |
Dens min |
Dens max |
Colour |
Locality |
Info |
nx min |
nx max |
ny min |
ny max |
nz min |
nz max |
Spectrum |
UVS |
UVL |
Reference |
|
Turquoise |
1,435 |
1,485 |
|
|
2,11 |
2,4 |
greenish blue |
Tekhut deposit, Armenia |
cabochons 10.48ct and
3.24ct , treated with wax |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Journal of Gemmology
2021 Vol 37, N°5, p454-456 |
|
Turquoise impregnated |
1,57 |
1,57 |
|
|
2,21 |
2,7 |
apple-green |
China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemmologie, Zeitschrift
der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft 2001 Jun, p109-111 |
|
Turquoise |
1,59 |
1,6 |
|
|
2,64 |
2,69 |
greenish blue |
Nacozari, Sonora, Mexico |
5.79 - 12.32 ct,
cabochons, spot RI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
absorption band at 430 nm |
inert |
uneven moderate chalky
blue |
Gems & Gemology 2007
Spring, p75-76 |
|
Turquoise impregnated |
1,59 |
1,59 |
|
|
2,58 |
2,58 |
green |
|
sphere 15.21 gr,
impregnated and dyed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
inert |
inert, some lines white |
Gems & Gemology 2015
Fall, p 344-345 |
|
synthetic Turquoise |
1,592 |
1,592 |
|
|
2,635 |
2,635 |
|
|
Gilson, cabochon, >4ct |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Journal of Gemmology
1972 N°1, p 5 |
|
Turquoise impregnated |
1,6 |
1,6 |
|
|
2,48 |
2,48 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
430 band, shadow 460 |
inert |
inert |
Gems & Gemology 2007
summer p149 |
|
Turquoise |
1,6 |
1,6 |
|
|
2,47 |
2,47 |
|
|
spot RI, tablet 22 x20x6
mm, natural and not treated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems & Gemology 2005
Winter, p348-349 |
|
Turquoise |
1,6 |
1,62 |
|
|
2,27 |
2,85 |
greenish blue to blue,
some with brown matrix |
|
treated by a proprietary
process developed by Eljen Stones (Reno, Nevada), cabochons 5.93 - 12.62ct,
spot RI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems & Gemology 2009
Summer, p140 |
|
Turquoise |
1,6 |
1,6 |
|
|
|
|
greenish blue with
patches of metallic material |
|
bead 78.60ct, turquoise
with simulated matrix (crushed pyrite) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems & Gemology 2016
Winter, p420 |
|
synthetic Turquoise |
1,604 |
1,604 |
|
|
2,72 |
2,74 |
pale blue |
|
Gilson, cabochon, 1.275ct
+ 12 stones, small angular blue particles in a whitish groundmass |
|
|
|
|
|
|
trace of 423nm line |
|
|
The Journal of Gemmology
1973 N°5, p 157-160 |
|
Turquoise |
1,61 |
1,62 |
|
|
2,65 |
2,75 |
dark greenish blue to
yellowish green, 5% sky-blue |
90 km NE of Bardsir,
Kerman, Iran |
new source 2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
430nm band |
inert |
weak blue |
Gems & Gemology 2008
summer p185-186 |
|
Turquoise |
1,61 |
1,62 |
|
|
2,57 |
2,72 |
medium bluish green,
light bluish green, light green, yellowish green, rarely azure blue |
Zhushan County, China |
hardness 5 - 5.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems & Gemology 2012
Fall, p200-203 |
|
Turquoise |
1,61 |
1,65 |
0,04 |
0,04 |
2,7 |
2,73 |
light blue |
Tekhut deposit, Armenia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Journal of Gemmology
2021 Vol 37, N°5, p454-456 |
|
Turquoise |
1,61 |
1,62 |
|
|
2,59 |
2,76 |
blue, green, brownish to
yellowish green |
Hami, Xinjiang, China |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
inert |
inert |
The Journal of Gemmology
2022 38(3), p254-270 |
|
Turquoise |
1,612 |
1,626 |
0,014 |
0,014 |
2,71 |
2,75 |
greenish blue |
Erdenet Mine, Mongolia |
cabochons 5.50 x 5.06 mm
and 9.27mm x 8.47 mm, pyrite inclusions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Journal of Gemmology
2021 Vol 37, N°5, p456-458 |
|
Turquoise |
1,62 |
1,64 |
|
|
2,696 |
2,698 |
light sky blue, bluish
green |
Hubei Province, China |
hardness 4.6-5.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
432 band and 460nm band |
weak greenish yellow |
weak greenish yellow |
Gems & Gemology 1986
spring p35-37 |
|
synthetic Turquoise |
1,62 |
1,62 |
|
|
|
|
blue |
|
beads, "cream of
wheat" texture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems & Gemology 2005
fall, p261-262 |
|
Turquoise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
light blue with darker
blue spots |
Hubei Province, China |
"raindrop"
turquoise, raindrop and vein
inclusions are mixed with turquoise and fluorapatite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems & Gemology 2018
Fall, p316-317 |
TABLES
|
Stone |
RI
min |
RI
max |
Biref
min |
Biref
max |
Dens
min |
Dens
max |
nx
min |
nx max |
ny
min |
ny
max |
nz
min |
nz
max |
Reference |
|
Turquoise reconstructed |
1.44 |
1.45 |
|
|
2.4 |
2.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tables of
Gemstone Identification, Roger Dedeyne, Ivo Quintens, 2007 |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.509 |
1.605 |
2.65 |
2.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemmo.eu |
||
|
Turquoise impregnated |
1.56 |
1.56 |
|
|
1.85 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.geminterest.com |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.59 |
1.6 |
|
|
2.68 |
2.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Joel Arem, Color
Encyclopedia of Gemstones, 1987 |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.59 |
1.6 |
|
|
2.68 |
2.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.gemmology.be |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.59 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.68 |
2.75 |
1.590 |
1.600 |
|
|
1.650 |
1.650 |
Tables of
Gemstone Identification, Roger Dedeyne, Ivo Quintens, 2007 |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.59 |
1.61 |
|
|
2.68 |
2.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemology Tools Professional 2010 |
|
Turquoise |
1.608 |
1.652 |
0.038 |
0.042 |
2.3 |
2.85 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemmo.eu |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
1.61 |
1.61 |
1.62 |
1.62 |
1.65 |
1.65 |
Joel Arem, Color
Encyclopedia of Gemstones, 1987 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.31 |
2.84 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bestimmungstabellen für Edelsteine,
Birgit Günther, 1981 |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.72 |
2.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bestimmungstabellen für Edelsteine,
Birgit Günther, 1981 |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.68 |
2.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemme, Dati per l'identificazione, P. De
Stefano et al, 1993 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemme, Dati per l'identificazione, P. De
Stefano et al, 1993 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.14 |
2.85 |
1.610 |
1.610 |
1.620 |
1.620 |
1.650 |
1.650 |
Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn,
2004 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.4 |
2.81 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
http://www.gemmology.be |
|
Turquoise synthetic |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.72 |
2.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tabellen zur Edelstein-Bestimmung,
Pschichholz FGA, 1975 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.6 |
2.85 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tabellen zur Edelstein-Bestimmung,
Pschichholz FGA, 1975 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.56 |
2.9 |
1.610 |
1.610 |
1.620 |
1.620 |
1.650 |
1.650 |
http://www.geminterest.com |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.6 |
2.85 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gems, R Webster,
5th edition 1994 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tables of
Gemstone Identification, Roger Dedeyne, Ivo Quintens, 2007 |
|
Turquoise |
1.61 |
1.65 |
|
|
2.4 |
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemology Tools Professional 2010 |
|
Turquoise |
1.63 |
1.63 |
0 |
0 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
John Sinkakas,
Gemstone and mineral data book,1972 |
CAUSE OF
COLOUR
|
Stone |
Colour |
Cause
of colour |
Reference |
|
Turquoise |
blue |
Cu²+ in octahedral coordination |
Gems & Gemology Summer 1988 |
MINERAL
INCLUSIONS
|
Inclusion |
Stone |
Reference |
|
chalcopyrite |
Turquoise |
Gems & Gemology 2008 summer p185-186 |
|
francevillite |
Turquoise |
Gems & Gemology Winter 2009 p294-295 |
|
kaolinite |
Turquoise |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p201 |
|
pyrite |
Turquoise |
Gems &
Gemology 2008 summer p185-186oise |
|
quartz |
Turquoise |
Gems & Gemology 2008 summer p185-186 |
LOCALITIES
|
STONE |
LOCALITIES |
REFERENCE |
|||
|
Turquoise |
Yungaisi Mine, Yun |
Shiyan Prefecture |
Hubei Province |
China |
www.mindat.org |
|
Turquoise |
Zhushan |
Shiyan Prefecture |
Hubei Province |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p198-203 |
|
Turquoise |
Nishapur
Deposit, Nishapur (Nishabur; Neyshabur) |
Meshed |
Chorassan (Khorasan) |
Iran |
Lapis 1995/1 |
|
Turquoise |
Nacozari |
Cananea |
Sonora |
Mexico |
Extra Lapis 16 (1999) |
|
Turquoise |
Biryuzakan, Khudzan, Tabeschary |
Karamazar Mts |
|
Tajikistan |
Eugenii Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of Gems,
p242 (2003) |
|
Turquoise |
Umba Valley |
Lelatema Mts |
Arusha Region |
Tanzania |
Gemmologie, 1997, Mar,p31 |
|
Turquoise |
Bisbee mine (Lavender pit) , Bisbee,
Warren District |
Cochise County |
Arizona |
USA |
J. E. Pogue, Turquois (1972) |
|
Turquoise |
Castle Dome
Mine, Inspiration, Globe-Miami District |
Gila county |
Arizona |
USA |
Anthony, J.W.,
et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed |
|
Turquoise |
Sleeping Beauty
Mine, Miami District |
Gila County |
Arizona |
USA |
J. E. Pogue, Turquois (1972) |
|
Turquoise |
Morenci Mine
(Morenci pit; Phelps Dodge Morenci Mine), Morenci, Shannon Mts |
Greenlee County |
Arizona |
USA |
J. E. Pogue, Turquois (1972) |
|
Turquoise |
Mineral Park
District, Kingman, Cerbat Mts |
Mohave County |
Arizona |
USA |
J. E. Pogue, Turquois (1972) |
|
Turquoise |
Baker |
San Bernardino County |
California |
USA |
MinRec 8:282 |
|
Turquoise |
King's Manassa Mine, Manassa |
Conejos County |
Colorado |
USA |
http://nevadagem.com |
|
Turquoise |
Hall turquoise
mine, Villa Grove district |
Saguache County |
Colorado |
USA |
Minerals of
Colorado, Edwin B. Eckel, Updated by Robert R.Cobban, 1997 |
|
Turquoise |
Cripple Creek |
Teller County |
Colorado |
USA |
Extra Lapis 16 (1999) |
|
Turquoise |
Carlin Black
Matrix mine, Merrimac District |
Elko County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Rept 17
Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) |
|
Turquoise |
Stormy Mountain Mine |
Elko County |
Nevada |
USA |
http://nevadagem.com |
|
Turquoise |
Candelaria-Sigmund
group, Candelaria District (Columbus District) |
Esmeralda County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 78
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Crow Spring mine
(Blue Friday mine; Petry mine), Crow Springs District |
Esmeralda County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 78
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Lone Mountain
deposit, Lone Mountain District |
Esmeralda County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 78
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Number Eight
mine, Lynn District |
Eureka County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 64
Geology and Mineral Resources of Eureka County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Blue Diamond
Mine, Iowa Canyon |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
http://nevada-outback-gems.com |
|
Turquoise |
Blue Gem
Turquoise mine (Turquoise Tunnel, Contention, Pedro lode), Battle Mountain
District |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 80
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Blue Ridge Mine
(Orvil Jack), Bullion Mining district |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
http://nevadagem.com |
|
Turquoise |
Carico Lake
mine, Carico Lake District |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Spec. Pub.
31 Minerals of Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Damele mine, Birch Creek District |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
http://nevadagem.com |
|
Turquoise |
Dry Creek mine (Godber mine) |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 80
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Fox Mine (Cortez
Turquoise mine), Cortez District |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 80
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Indian Mountain Mine |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
http://southwestgems.com |
|
Turquoise |
Lander Blue
mine, Bullion District |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Spec Pub 31
Minerals of Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Pinto mine
(Watts mine, Nevada Blue mine) |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 80
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Red Mountain Mine, Cortez |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
http://nevadagem.com |
|
Turquoise |
Super-X mine
(Arrowhead mine), Bullion District |
Lander County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 80
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Lander County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Taubert No. 2
prospect, Yerington, Yerington District |
Lyon County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Rept 17
Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) |
|
Turquoise |
Montezuma Mine,
Pilot Mountains District |
Mineral County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Bull 58
Geology and Mineral Resources of Mineral County, Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Moqui-Aztec mine
(S. Simmons mine), Pilot Mountains District |
Mineral County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Rept 17
Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) |
|
Turquoise |
Blue Gem Claim
(Easter Blue Claim; Blue Mountain Claim; Mike lode Claim), Republic District |
Nye County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Spec. Pub.
31 Minerals of Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Gabbs District |
Nye County |
Nevada |
USA |
NBMG Spec Pub 31
Minerals of Nevada |
|
Turquoise |
Royal Blue Mine,
Tonopah, Tonopah District |
Nye County |
Nevada |
USA |
Minerals of
Nevada, Stephen B. Castor and Gregory C. Ferdock, 2004 |
|
Turquoise |
Lost mine of
Enchantment, Ruidosa, Sacramento Mts |
Lincoln County |
New Mexico |
USA |
http://southwestgems.com |
|
Turquoise |
Villa Grove
Turquoise Mine, Bonanza (Kerber Creek) District |
Saguache County |
Colorado |
USA |
U.S. Geological
Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,
Virginia. |
CHEMICAL DATA
(%)
|
Stone |
Colour |
Locality |
Reference |
SiO2 |
Al2O3 |
MgO |
Fe2O3 |
FeO |
CaO |
CuO |
H2O |
P2O5 |
TiO2 |
Na2O |
K2O |
ZnO |
|
|
Turquoise |
green |
|
China |
Gemmologie, Zeitschrift der deutschen
gemmologischen Gesellschaft, 2001, Jun p111 |
|
33.23 |
|
2.87 |
|
0.07 |
7.54 |
|
31.69 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
blue-green |
Yunyang, Hubei |
China |
The Journal of
Gemmology 1998, Vol 26, N°1, p7 |
|
35.57 |
|
2.7 |
0.03 |
|
7.17 |
20.32 |
34.15 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
green |
Yunyang, Hubei |
China |
The Journal of
Gemmology 1998, Vol 26, N°1, p7 |
|
34.79 |
|
3.07 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
6.38 |
18.71 |
35.11 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
yellow-green |
Yunyang, Hubei |
China |
The Journal of
Gemmology 1998, Vol 26, N°1, p7 |
|
34.06 |
|
6.58 |
0.08 |
|
6.23 |
18.73 |
34.89 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
pale blue |
Yunyang, Hubei |
China |
The Journal of
Gemmology 1998, Vol 26, N°1, p7 |
|
36.12 |
|
1.14 |
|
0.02 |
7.52 |
20.64 |
33.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
blue |
Yunyang, Hubei |
China |
The Journal of Gemmology
1998, Vol 26, N°1, p7 |
|
35.92 |
|
1.21 |
|
0.04 |
8.34 |
19.75 |
34.64 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
pale blue-green |
Zushan County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.02 |
33.46 |
0.02 |
4.21 |
0.32 |
0.02 |
5.87 |
21.96 |
33.16 |
|
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.09 |
|
Turquoise |
blue-green |
Zushan County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.06 |
34.9 |
0.01 |
5.57 |
0.18 |
0.03 |
3.97 |
22.24 |
31.12 |
0.06 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.08 |
|
Turquoise |
light blue-green |
Zushan County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.5 |
33.5 |
0.01 |
6.58 |
0.06 |
0.01 |
3.75 |
22.82 |
31.69 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
|
Turquoise |
blue |
Zushan County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.2 |
36.3 |
0.01 |
1.43 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
7.63 |
20.09 |
33.8 |
|
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.12 |
|
Turquoise |
light blue |
Zushan County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.16 |
36.15 |
0.01 |
1.13 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
6.17 |
23.38 |
33.52 |
|
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.92 |
|
Turquoise |
blue |
Yun County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
|
35.92 |
0.01 |
1.21 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
8.34 |
19.75 |
34.64 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
blue-green |
Yun County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
|
35.57 |
|
2.7 |
0.03 |
|
7.17 |
20.32 |
34.15 |
|
|
|
|
|
Turquoise |
blue |
Yun County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.9 |
38.29 |
|
0.31 |
|
|
8.55 |
|
34.22 |
|
|
|
0.44 |
|
Turquoise |
blue-green |
Yun County |
China |
Gems & Gemology Fall 2012, p202 |
0.05 |
32.5 |
|
8.97 |
|
|
7.93 |
|
34.81 |
|
|
|
0.14 |